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Welcome to the October 2005 edition of the Accident Reconstruction
Newsletter. With 2005 winding down, it is crunch-time for the ARC Network.
Next month we are going to launch the newest edition of the ARC Network
Web Site. This new edition focuses primarily on the members section. We
have been working for the past 6 months on automating our membership section.
As of next month, you will be able to join the ARC Network and renew your
existing membership completely online. You will also be able to review
your account at any time and update any information regarding your membership.
We have also built in a function to email you your userid and password
[immediately] if you have misplaced it or have forgotten it.
Starting next month we will be reworking the navigation
buttons that walk you through the entire ARC Network. Along the way we
will be reworking many of the research sections and fixing broken links
to external sites that have vanished.
In Crash Data Retrieval news, the ARC Network,
will pay your tuition to a 4-day CSI CDR Technician course
and CSI CDR Analyst course if you purchase a CDR System through the ARC
Network. That is a $450 value! For more information please visit www.cdr-system.com.
Please note the 2006 CSI course schedule has not be released yet.
The CDR User's Conference is shaping up
nicely. A couple weeks ago we posted all the information for the call
for papers. We have received many really interesting abstracts and should
make for an excellent conference. There is still time to submit an abstract
- the deadline in November 20, 2005 - click
here. We are currently also accepting registrations for the CDR Conference.
Registrations have been flowing in, but please remember to register early
because we offer a $150 discount for registering early and also SPACE
AT THE HOTEL IS LIMITED. Registrations are offered at a first-come, first-served
basis. - Click
here for complete information. NOTE:
Vetronix Corporation will be offering an exclusive discount on the new
CDR Update to attendees of the CDR User's Conference. Only those who attend
the conference are eligible for the discount.
Please use the links below to view this months featured
articles. Note: you can use the "Back to Index" link to return
to this index.
Motor vehicle travel is the primary means of transportation
in the United States, providing an unprecedented degree of mobility.
Yet for all its advantages, deaths and injuries resulting from motor
vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death for persons of every
age from 3 through 33 years old (based on 2002 data). Traffic fatalities
accounted for more than 90 percent of transportation-related fatalities.
The mission of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration is
to reduce deaths, injuries, and economic losses from motor vehicle crashes.
Fortunately, much progress has been made in reducing the
number of deaths and serious injuries on our Nation’s highways.
In 2004, the fatality rate per 100 million vehicle miles of travel fell
to a new historic low of 1.46. The 1994 rate was 1.73 per 100 million
vehicle miles traveled. An 80 percent safety belt use rate nationwide
and a reduction in the rate of alcohol involvement in fatal crashes
— to 39 percent in 2004 from 43 percent in 1994 — were significant
contributions to maintaining this consistently low fatality rate. However,
much remains to be done. The economic cost alone of motor vehicle crashes
in 2000 was $230.6 billion.
In 2004, 42,636 people were killed in the estimated 6,181,000
police reported motor vehicle traffic crashes. 2,788,000 people were
injured, and 4,281,000 crashes involved property damage only.
This overview fact sheet contains statistics on motor
vehicle fatalities based on data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting
System (FARS). FARS is a census of fatal crashes within the 50 States,
the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico (although Puerto Rico is not
included in U.S. totals). Crash and injury statistics are based on data
from the General Estimates System (GES). GES is a probability-based
sample of police-reported crashes, from 60 locations across the country,
from which estimates of National totals for injury and property-damage-only
crashes are derived.
Read
the Full Overview
<< Back to Index
A motor vehicle crash is considered to be alcohol-related
if at least one driver or non occupant (such as a pedestrian or pedacyclist)
involved in the crash is determined to have had a blood alcohol concentration
(BAC) of .01 gram per deciliter (g/dL) or higher. Thus, any fatality
that occurs in an alcohol-related crash is considered an alcohol-related
fatality. The term “alcohol-related” does not indicate that
a crash or fatality was caused by the presence of alcohol.
Traffic fatalities in alcohol-related crashes fell by
2.4 percent, from 17,105 in 2003 to 16,694 in 2004. The 16,694 alcohol-related
fatalities in 2004 (39% of total traffic fatalities for the year) represent
a 4-percent reduction from the 17,308 alcohol-related fatalities reported
in 1994 (43% of the total).
The 16,694 fatalities in alcohol-related crashes during
2004 represent an average of one alcohol-related fatality every 31 minutes.
As of 2004, 45 States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto
Rico had created laws making it illegal to drive with a BAC of .08 g/dL
or higher. Of the 16,694 people who died in alcohol-related crashes
in 2004, 14,409 (86%) were killed in crashes where at least one driver
or non occupant had a BAC of .08 g/dL or higher. Of the 14,409 people
killed in such crashes, 69 percent were drivers or non occupants with
BAC levels at or above .08 g/dL. The remaining 31 percent were drivers
or non occupants with either no BAC or BAC below .08 g/dL, or were passengers.
Read
Full Report
<< Back to Index
In 2004, NHTSA conducted the National Occupant Protection
Use Survey (NOPUS). The overall observed shoulder belt use rate was
80 percent in 2004, compared to 79 percent observed in 2003, 75 percent
in 2002, 73 percent in 2001, 71 percent in 2000, and 67 percent in 1999.
In 1994, the overall observed shoulder belt use rate was 58 percent.
Table 1 shows safety belt use rates in the United States,
the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. The results were obtained
by observing traffic on roads at selected observation sites. Where rates
are missing from the table, States did not submit rates to NHTSA. For
more information on State safety belt use rates, see D. Glassbrenner,
Safety Belt Use in 2004 – Use Rates in the States and Territories,
NHTSA Technical Report, DOT HS 809 713 (March 2004).
Read
Full Report
<< Back to Index
NHTSA considers a crash to be speeding-related if the
driver was charged with a speeding-related offense or if an officer
indicated that racing, driving too fast for conditions, or exceeding
the posted speed limit was a contributing factor in the crash.
Speeding is one of the most prevalent factors contributing
to traffic crashes. The economic cost to society of speeding-related
crashes is estimated by NHTSA to be $40.4 billion per year. In 2004,
speeding was a contributing factor in 30 percent of all fatal crashes,
and 13,192 lives were lost in speeding-related crashes.
Motor vehicle crashes cost society an estimated $7,300
per second. The total economic cost of crashes was estimated at $230.6
billion in 2000. In 2000, the cost of speeding-related crashes was estimated
to be $40.4 billion — $76,865 per minute or $1,281 per second.
Speeding reduces a driver’s ability to steer safely
around curves or objects in the roadway, extends the distance necessary
to stop a vehicle, and increases the distance a vehicle travels while
the driver reacts to a dangerous situation.
Read
Full Report
<< Back to Index
In 2004, there were nearly 61 million children age 14
and younger in the United States. This age group made up 21 percent
of the total U.S. resident population in 2004.
Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death
for children of every age from 3 to 14 years old (based on 2002 figures,
which are the latest mortality data currently available from the National
Center for Health Statistics).
In 2004, there were a total of 42,636 traffic fatalities
in the United States. The 14 and under age group accounted for 5 percent
(2,157) of those traffic fatalities. This age group accounted for 4
percent (1,638) of all vehicle occupant fatalities, 9 percent (246,000)
of all the people injured in motor vehicle crashes, and 8 percent (214,000)
of all the vehicle occupants injured in crashes.
Every day in the United States, an average of 6 children
age 14 and younger were killed and 673 were injured in motor vehicle
crashes during 2004. In the 14 and under age group, males accounted
for 56 percent of the fatalities
and 47 percent of those injured in motor vehicle crashes during 2004.
Read
Full Article
<< Back to Index
The Crash Data Retrieval User's Conference is scheduled
for February 13-14, 2006 in Dallas, Texas.
During this 2-day conference, experts from around the
world will be presenting technical papers on Crash Data Retrieval. Topics
to be covered will include, legal aspects, legislation, user applications
and future developments. This conference is sponsored by the CDR User's
Group, Vetronix Corporation, the National Association of Professional
Accident Reconstructionists (NAPARS), the Accident Reconstruction Network
(ARC) and Collision Safety Institute (CSI).
We are now accepting registrations. Please be aware that
due to the Hotel facilities at the Embassy Suite, space is limited for
this conference. Registrations will be accepted on a first-come, first-served
basis until all seats are filled.
Registration
Information - click
here
Hotel
Information - click
here
Call
for Papers Information - click
here
Conference
Overview - click
here
<< Back to Index
There were 196.2 million licensed drivers in the United
States in 2003 (2004 data not available). Young drivers, between the
ages of 15 and 20, accounted for 6.3 percent (12.4 million) of the total,
a 7.2 percent increase from the 11.6 million young drivers in 1993.
In 2004, 7,898 15- to 20-year-old drivers were involved
in fatal crashes — a 1-percent decrease from 7,968 involved in
1994. Driver fatalities for this age group increased by 5 percent between
1994 and 2004. For young males, driver fatalities rose by 1 percent,
compared with a 15-percent increase for young females (Table 1).
Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death
for 15- to 20-yearolds (based on 2002 figures, which are the latest
mortality data currently available from the National Center for Health
Statistics). In 2004, 3,620 drivers age 15 to 20 were killed, and an
additional 303,000 injured, in motor vehicle crashes.
Read
full Article.
<< Back to Index
David Thornburg - Thorn Consulting Services
T1-83/TI-84/TI-89
Calculators - Great for your Accident Reconstruction Equations!
Do you have a Texas Instruments 83+, 84+, or 89 Titanium
calculator? Over 60 calculations and equations performed; similar to
the Excel Calculator, but with the portability you can take to a crash
scene or have in the courtroom. Fifty ($50) dollars for just the programs
if you currently own a TI-83/84/89 Calculator and have the TI-Graph
Link Cable to connect it to your computer. The programs are typically
emailed, but can be sent to you via mail on a 3.5" floppy or CD.
If you currently do not own one of these calculators, I can send a brand
new one to you that's already been programmed, including the TI-Graph
Link Cable and instructional manual, and includes all tax, shipping,
insurance charges, all for one price listed above.
The differences between the three TI calculators are the
operating speed, available memory, and amount of preloaded TI applications.
In addition, the TI-84+ and TI-89 Titanium have built in USB ports with
cable compared to the TI-83+. The Accident Equation Programs also work
on the Voyage 200 TI calculator. Please call or email TCS direct to
order the programs for the 200. If you have an equation(s) that you
need specific to your work or business, call TCS and I can program your
calculator to fit your needs.
David C. Thornburg, ACTAR
Thorn Consulting Services
PO Box 48482
Spokane, WA 99228-1482
Office: (509) 325-6510
FAX: (509) 325-6511
www.collisionrecon.com
<< Back to Index
In 2004, 416,000 large trucks (gross vehicle weight rating
greater than 10,000 pounds) were involved in traffic crashes in the
United States; 4,862 were involved in fatal crashes. A total of 5,190
people died (12% of all the traffic fatalities reported in 2004) and
an additional 116,000 were injured in those crashes.
In 2003, large trucks accounted for 3 percent of all
registered vehicles and 7 percent of total vehicle miles traveled (2004
registered vehicle and vehicle miles traveled data not available). In
2004, large trucks accounted for 8 percent of all vehicles involved
in fatal crashes and 4 percent of all vehicles involved in injury and
property-damage-only crashes.
One out of eight traffic fatalities in 2004 resulted
from a collision involving a large truck.
Read
full Article
<< Back to Index
Numerous steps towards enhanced automobile safety have
taken place from the time the car became a commonplace item in the American
home.
The original cars had very marginal mechanical brakes;
they were changed to much improved hydraulics systems. The hydraulic
brakes, when they were introduced, had one master [brake fluid] master
cylinder, which when failed caused the loss of all braking capability.
The single master cylinder was replaced with a dual master cylinder
that to large extent took care of that problem. The dual master cylinder
was followed by disk brakes (less fading by virtue of improved heat
dissipation) that were then followed by the addition of ABS brakes capability.
Seatbelts were one of the most significant safety devices
that was borrowed from automobile racing (as were the disk brakes.)
The seat, or initially “lap” belts, proved to be an improvement
over cars without such a system, but they also caused new problems.
Seatbelts, in harsh frontal crashes, caused lower back injuries. The
seatbelts also caused upper body problems as occupants in a frontal
crash, or rapid stopping, would bend forward and hit objects in front
of them. The shoulder belts were a significant improvement over seatbelts;
they protect the whole torso, not just its bottom part. Later airbags
were designed to enhance safety and in combination with shoulder belts
to also overcome the shortcomings of the original seatbelts.
Read full Article
<< Back to Index
KINETIC ENERGY PRESS ANNOUNCES
A SPECIAL SALES PROMOTION OF A BEST SELLING, INTERNATIONALLY ACCLAIMED
BOOK –
JUST IN TIME FOR HOLIDAY GIFT GIVING!
FORENSIC
ANALYSIS OF SEAT BELTS
Donald J. Felicella, ACTAR
Kinetic Energy Press
Salem, Oregon
An indispensable book for anyone involved in crash investigation
or litigation. The book that has it all – crystal clear photographs,
technical know-how made easy to understand – plus a complete guide
to forensic examination and analysis of seat belt systems. Expertise
you simply cannot afford to be without!
SPECIAL PRICE - ON SALE NOW JUST IN TIME FOR THE HOLIDAYS!
NO SHIPPING AND HANDLING CHARGES FOR U.S. AND CANADIAN ORDERS!
CD-ROM Version: $29.99 U.S.
Printed Copy (with CD-ROM): $39.99 U.S.
FORENSIC ANALYSIS OF SEAT BELTS
has 130 pages, with 94 illustrations and tables!
CONTENTS:
• Introduction and history of seat belts
• Function of seat belts in a collision
• Occupant kinematics
• Nomenclature
• Exterior vehicle documentation
• Interior vehicle documentation
• Inspection of the seat belt system
• Injury correlation
• Malfunctions, problems, and litigation claims
• Seat belt recalls and notices
• Important references, including FMVSS 209 & 210
Sample photo from book |
Sample photo from book |
*** Sales Price for the Holidays ***
by Donald J. Felicella
PRICE (CD only): $29.99For all United States
Orders (Includes Shipping)
PRICE (CD only): $39.99For all International
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PRICE (CD & Hardcopy): $39.99 For
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Mail Form or
For more information and
other books to choose from, please visit Kinetic Energy Press on the
web:
www.kineticenergypress.com
<< Back to Index
Date:
June 5-8, 2006
Location: Las Vegas, Nevada
Hotel: Palace Station Hotel and Casino
Crash Testing: Las Vegas Motor Speedway
ACTAR: 21 CEUs Pending
ATTENDEE: Registration
Form
EXHIBITOR: Registration
Form 
The fifth ARC-CSI Conference, run for the fourth year
in Las Vegas and including activities at the Las Vegas Motor Speedway
is designed to be topical, timely and a lasting learning experience
for all involved. The topics for the 2006 conference are yet to be determined.
If you have any suggestions of what topics you would like
to see presented, please email them to info@crashconferences.com
As has been the case with ARC-CSI conferences in the past,
a half day of live crash testing will kick off the conference on the
first day and crash data compiled during that week's testing on CD will
distributed coupled with a data review will close out the conference.
Witness live crash testing first hand, attend presentations
by recognized leaders in their field, leave Las Vegas with crash data
in hand including the photos and video of the testing, copies of presentations
for later review and related documents and reference material. It's
hard to find a better opportunity for training anywhere.
REGISTRATION INFORMATION
The ARC Network is now accepting attendee registrations for this years
ARC-CSI Crash Conference.
Registration Fee:
>> Early Registration (until April 30, 2006):
$599
>> Late Registration (After April 30, 2006):
$799
HOTEL INFORMATION
This years ARC-CSI Crash Conference will be held at the Palace Station
Hotel and Casino. The ARC Network has arranged a special room for attendees
of this conference. For complete hotel information and to book your
room, click
here.
EXHIBITOR INFORMATION
Each year the ARC Network offers an Exhibitor room for companies to
display their products and/or services to the attendees of the ARC-CSI
Crash Conference. If you would like to be a Exhibitor at this years
ARC-CSI Crash Conference, click
here.
SPONSORSHIP
The ARC-CSI also offers additional recognition if you would like to
be a SPONSOR of the ARC-CSI Crash Conference.
Please contact Scott Baker of the ARC Network for more information.
Toll Free: (866) 223-4984
The first automobile crash in the United States occurred
in New York City in 1896, when a motor vehicle collided with a pedalcycle
rider (Famous First Facts, by Joseph Kane).
More than 49,000 pedalcyclists have died in traffic crashes
in the United States since 1932 — the first year in which estimates
of pedalcyclist fatalities were recorded. The 350 pedalcyclists killed
in 1932 accounted for 1.3 percent of the 27,979 persons who died in
traffic crashes that year. In 2004, 725 pedalcyclists were killed and
an additional 41,000 were injured in traffic crashes. Pedalcyclist deaths
accounted for 2 percent of all traffic fatalities, and pedalcyclists
made up 1 percent of all the people injured in traffic crashes during
the year.
The number of pedalcyclist fatalities in 2004 was 10
percent lower than the 802 fatalities reported in 1994. The highest
number of pedalcyclist fatalities ever recorded in the Fatality Analysis
Reporting System (FARS) was 1,003 in 1975.
Pedalcyclists accounted for 13 percent of all non motorist
traffic fatalities in 2004. Pedestrians accounted for 84 percent, and
the remaining 2 percent were skateboard riders, roller skaters, etc.
Read
full Article
<< Back to Index
In 2004, 4,641 pedestrians were killed in traffic crashes
in the United States — a decrease of 15 percent from the 5,489
pedestrians killed in 1994. On average, a pedestrian is killed in a
traffic crash every 113 minutes and injured in a traffic crash every
8 minutes.
There were 68,000 pedestrians injured in traffic crashes
in 2004. Most pedestrian fatalities in 2004 occurred in urban areas
(72%), at non intersection locations (79%), in normal weather conditions
(89%), and at night (66%).
More than two-thirds (69%) of the pedestrians killed
in 2004 were males. In 2004, the male pedestrian fatality rate per 100,000
population was 2.22 — more than double the rate for females (0.95
per 100,000 population). In 2004, the male pedestrian injury rate per
100,000 population was 27, compared with 19 for females (see Table 5).
In 2004, nearly one-fifth (19%) of all children between
the ages of 5 and 9 who were killed in traffic crashes were pedestrians.
Children age 15 and younger accounted for 8 percent of the pedestrian
fatalities in 2004 and
7 percent of all pedestrians injured in traffic crashes.
Read
full Article
<< Back to Index
There are over 26 million people age 70 and older in the
United States. In 2004, this age group made up 9.0 percent of the total
U.S. resident population, compared with 8.9 percent in 1994. From 1994
to 2004, the growth rate for this older segment of the population was
4 percent higher than the growth rate of the total population.
There were 19.8 million older licensed drivers in 2003
(2004 data not available) — a 27-percent increase from the number
in 1993. In contrast, the total number of licensed drivers increased
by only 13 percent from 1993 to 2003. Older drivers made up 10 percent
of all licensed drivers in 2003, compared with 9 percent in 1993.
In 2004, 141,000 older individuals were injured in traffic
crashes, accounting for 5 percent of all the people injured in traffic
crashes during the year. These older individuals made up 12 percent
of all traffic fatalities, 11 percent of all vehicle occupant fatalities,
and 16 percent of all pedestrian fatalities.
Most traffic fatalities involving older drivers in 2004
occurred during the daytime (81%), on weekdays (72%), and involved another
vehicle (74%).
Read
full Article
<< Back to Index
In 2004, 2,105 (51%) of all motorcycles involved in fatal
crashes collided with another motor vehicle in transport. In two-vehicle
crashes, 78 percent of the motorcycles involved were impacted in the
front. Only 6 percent were struck in the rear.
Motorcycles are more likely than other vehicles to be
involved in a fatal collision with a fixed object. In 2004, 26 percent
of the motorcycles involved in fatal crashes collided with fixed objects,
compared to 18 percent for passenger cars, 12 percent for light trucks,
and 4 percent for large trucks.
Motorcycles are also more likely than other vehicles
to be involved in an injury collision with a fixed object. In 2004,
11 percent of the reported injury crashes involving motorcycles were
fixed object crashes, compared to 9 percent for passenger cars, 7 percent
for light trucks, and 4 percent for large trucks.
In 2004, there were 1,803 two-vehicle fatal crashes involving
a motorcycle and another vehicle. In 39 percent (711) of these crashes
the other vehicle was turning left while the motorcycle was going straight,
passing, or overtaking the vehicle. Both vehicles were going straight
in 465 crashes (26%).
Read
full Article
<< Back to Index
A school transportation-related crash is a crash which
involves, either directly or indirectly, a school-bus-body vehicle or
a non-school bus functioning as a school bus, transporting children
to or from school or school-related activities.
Since 1994 there have been about 413,169 fatal traffic
crashes. Of those, 0.32 percent (1,341) were classified as school transportation-related.
Since 1994, 1,479 people have died in school transportation-related
crashes — an average of 134 fatalities per year. Most of the people
who lost their lives in those crashes (70%) were occupants of other
vehicles involved. Non occupants (pedestrians, pedalcyclists, etc.)
accounted for 22 percent of the deaths, and occupants of school transportation
vehicles accounted for 8 percent.
Since 1994, 182 school-age pedestrians (younger than
19 years old) have died in school transportation-related crashes. Nearly
two-thirds (64%) were killed by school buses, 5 percent by vehicles
functioning as school buses, and 31 percent by other vehicles involved
in the crashes. Nearly one-half (49%) of all school-age pedestrians
killed in school transportation-related crashes were between the ages
of 5 and 7.
Read
full Article
<< Back to Index
The following data provides estimates of alcohol involvement
in fatal crashes for the United States and individually for the 50 States,
the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico (not included in the National
totals). These estimates are based on data from NHTSA’s Fatality
Analysis Reporting System (FARS). Unfortunately, blood alcohol concentration
(BAC) test results are not available for all drivers and non occupants
involved in fatal crashes. Missing data can result for a number of reasons,
the most common being that people are not always tested for alcohol.
To address the missing data issue, NHTSA has developed
and employs a statistical model to estimate the likelihood that a fatal
crash-involved driver or non occupant was sober, had some alcohol, or
was intoxicated at the time of the crash. The statistical model is based
on important characteristics of the crash including crash factors (time
of day, day of week, type of crash, location), vehicle factors (vehicle
type and role in the crash), and person factors (age, sex, restraint
use, previous driving violations), and whether or not the state had
a 21-year-old minimum drinking- age law.
Read
full Article
<< Back to Index
The ARC Network, in conjunction with Vetronix Corporation
and Collision Safety Institute, is now offering to pay your
tuition to a CSI Crash Data Retrieval Certification Course
(up to $300) or a $200 cash rebate when you purchase a Vetronix CDR
System through the ARC Network. You may also qualify for a free one-year
membership to the ARC Network - Click
here for details.
If you are thinking about purchasing a CDR System for
your department or business, now is the time. This offer is for a limited
time only.

>> Click
here for the Details
<< Back to Index
Please welcome the newest members of the ARC Network.
<< Back to Index
The ARC Network host a comprehensive calendar of events
relating to the accident reconstruction and traffic accident investigation
industry. New events are always being added. Some of the events that
have just been added:
View
the entire Events Calendar
<< Back to Index
The ARC Network continually posts news articles relating
to accident reconstruction, traffic accident investigation and automotive
safety. The newest articles are always posted on the ARC Network's homepage
and all the archived articles are posted in the AR
News Section.
October 27, 2005:
Continental Sees Increased Electronic
Stability Control Installation Rates for Model Year 2006 Vehicles
October 20, 2005:
Flexpoint Completes Comprehensive
Testing of the Pedestrian Impact System
October 19, 2005:
Auto Crashes Hit Close to Home for
Parents and Their Children
October 13, 2005:
2006 Ford Freestyle Earns IIHS 'Best
Pick' Rating for Frontal Crash Test Performance
October 13, 2005:
Toyota says Prius cars may have
stalling problem
October 13, 2005:
AAA and Fire Protection Experts
Issue Advisory to Help Prevent Quarter Million Vehicle Fires
October 7, 2005:
Chrysler, GM, Hyundai, Kia announce
recalls in US
October 7, 2005:
Deer Collisions Hit Close to Home
Crashes at their Peak in October, November
October 3, 2005:
Jury Awards $30.4M in Lawsuit Against
Ford
<< Back to Index
Each month the ARC Network continues to grow
with new memberships and contacts.
We now have over 550 members and going strong. We would like to thank
everyone for their support.
The ARC Network would like to thank everyone
for continuing to make the
ARC Network the number one web site for accident reconstruction and traffic
investigation. |